D. Jakob Ottoson2026-05-072026-05-07https://dspace.academy.edu.ly/handle/123456789/1978The distribution of enteric bacteria, such as E. coli and Enterococci, varies significantly between low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared to high-income countries (HICs). In LMICs, higher contamination levels are often observed due to inadequate sanitation infrastructure, limited access to clean water, and lower levels of public health education25Enteric bacteria, such as Enterococci and coliform bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) of vertebrates, including humans10. Among the Enterococcus species known as human commensal bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) are opportunistic pathogens found in immunocompromised patients11,12. In addition to E. coli, these two species are reported as causative agents of various diseases, including endocarditis, urinary tract infections, and gastroenteritis13-15.Enteric bacteria