Dr. Zhen ChenDr. Andrew Agapiou2026-06-022026-06-02https://dspace.academy.edu.ly/handle/123456789/2137Several essential reports (Latham, 1994; Egan, 1998) highlighted the importance of and addressed problems like low productivity, time overruns, inadequate quality, and poor operational conditions. Moreover, challenges with processes concerning resource waste, unclear quantifiable factors, and a deficiency of documented information can further complicate the situation. Multi-level organisational structures, unique projects, on-site construction, and the absence of cooperative relationships, coordination, and communication among multidisciplinary professions can harm the industry. Furthermore, the lack of flexible contractual agreements and a focus on customer needs contribute to these challenges (Koskela, 1992)Globally, construction is often described as a slowly advancing industry (Aziz & Hafez, 2013). Researchers frequently highlighted various persistent issues, such as inadequate safety, low productivity, poor working environment, and substandard quality in construction projects (AlSehaimi et al., 2014; Koskela, 1992) emphasise that these issues continue to plague the sector, impeding the achievement of project goals related to cost, schedule, and quality. Challenges such as increased competition from international markets and a shortage of trained personnel are becoming increasingly pressing (CIOB, 2021; Olawale & Sun, 2010). Other significant issues, including uncertainty, waste, instability, change, conflict, restrictions, and complexity, pertain to the industryConstruction Framework