أ.د. ممدوح محمد شوقىد. معتز محمد فهمىأ.م.د. مروه مصطفى الطراهونى2026-07-302026-07-30https://dspace.academy.edu.ly/handle/123456789/2462The precise antibacterial mechanism of action for silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is not yet completely understood. A key aspect involves the reported release of silver ions (Ag⁺) from Ag NPs in aqueous environments; these ions are suggested to participate in attacking bacterial cells through multiple pathways, ultimately resulting in cellular damage (N. Hachicho et al., 2014). Research indicates that silver ions interact with the bacterial cell at multiple levels, affecting components such as the cell wall, the cytoplasmic membrane, DNA, and proteins. Proteomic analyses of E. coli have demonstrated a specific adaptive response to silver ions, evidenced by an increased expression level of three outer membrane protein precursors following treatment with nano-silver. This response is triggered to counteract the impact of the ions interacting with the cell wall. Furthermore, it has been reported that both Ag⁺ and Ag NPs significantly influence the cis-trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids within the membrane. This effect provides clear evidence that their antibacterial mode of action is linked to the destruction of the membrane's structure and the subsequent breakdown of its essential role as a permeability barrier (N. Hachicho et al., 2014).The physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles namely their size, shape, and concentrationare critically important determinants of their efficacy in any application. Consequently, a significant focus of scientific and academic research has been dedicated to developing and optimizing methods for nanomaterial production. These engineered materials are highly preferred and widely utilized across various fields, including healthcare, medicine, and protective textiles. A key feature that makes nanoparticles such potent antimicrobial agents is their exceptionally high surface area-to-volume ratio, coupled with their specific crystallographic surface structure. These properties greatly enhance their chemical reactivity, making them strong candidates for combating microbes. The properties and resulting functionality of silver nanoparticles are intrinsically linked to and controlled by their size, morphological shape, and concentration. Therefore, the synthesis process and the precise manipulation of nanoparticle size are among the most important factors in controlling and determining their ultimate biocidal activity (Hamad, Abubaker et al., 2020).antimicrobial effect of the silver ions