د.عبد المولئ ناجح2026-06-072026-06-07https://dspace.academy.edu.ly/handle/123456789/2178Traditional election procedures in the Zintan Municipal Council rely heavily on paper-based workflows, which create operational bottlenecks, increase the likelihood of human error, and provide limited tamper-evidence and auditability. While blockchain technology is often proposed as a means to improve transparency and strengthen election integrity through an immutable public record, practical deployment in municipal environments typically faces technical and financial barriers for voters—most notably the complexity of wallet management and the cost of transaction fees (gas). This thesis proposes a practical hybrid blockchain-based e-voting framework tailored to local municipal constraints and developed using a Design Science Research methodology. The framework separates responsibilities across two layers: an off-chain layer for voter eligibility verification and registration management using a civil-registry-like data source, and an on-chain layer for vote recording and tallying via auditable smart contracts, providing a tamper-evident audit trail. To simplify the voter experience and avoid a “pay-to-vote” model, the system enables voting through a standard web interface without requiring voters to set up external wallets or manage cryptocurrency. This is achieved through a relayer-based fee abstraction mechanism, where a relayer broadcasts signed voting transactions and sponsors gas fees on behalf of voters. A functional prototype was implemented and tested in a controlled laboratory environment to validate core workflows and baseline integrity properties. The evaluation demonstrates that the system supports an end-to-end election flow, prevents double voting, and allows voters to confirm vote inclusion through a digital receipt in the form of a transaction hash. These findings indicate that the proposed hybrid approach is a viable and extensible technical starting point for improving municipal election processes under realistic operational constraints. Keywords: Blockchain; Electronic Voting; Hybrid Architecture; Smart Contracts; Municipal Elections; Gas; Ethereum.Traditional election procedures in the Zintan Municipal Council rely heavily on paper-based workflows, which create operational bottlenecks, increase the likelihood of human error, and provide limited tamper-evidence and auditability. While blockchain technology is often proposed as a means to improve transparency and strengthen election integrity through an immutable public record, practical deployment in municipal environments typically faces technical and financial barriers for voters—most notably the complexity of wallet management and the cost of transaction fees (gas). This thesis proposes a practical hybrid blockchain-based e-voting framework tailored to local municipal constraints and developed using a Design Science Research methodology. The framework separates responsibilities across two layers: an off-chain layer for voter eligibility verification and registration management using a civil-registry-like data source, and an on-chain layer for vote recording and tallying via auditable smart contracts, providing a tamper-evident audit trail. To simplify the voter experience and avoid a “pay-to-vote” model, the system enables voting through a standard web interface without requiring voters to set up external wallets or manage cryptocurrency. This is achieved through a relayer-based fee abstraction mechanism, where a relayer broadcasts signed voting transactions and sponsors gas fees on behalf of voters. A functional prototype was implemented and tested in a controlled laboratory environment to validate core workflows and baseline integrity properties. The evaluation demonstrates that the system supports an end-to-end election flow, prevents double voting, and allows voters to confirm vote inclusion through a digital receipt in the form of a transaction hash. These findings indicate that the proposed hybrid approach is a viable and extensible technical starting point for improving municipal election processes under realistic operational constraints. Keywords: Blockchain; Electronic Voting; Hybrid Architecture; Smart Contracts; Municipal Elections; Gas; Ethereum.هندسة كهربائية