جامعة الاسكندرية2024-12-092024-12-09https://dspace.academy.edu.ly/handle/123456789/674Most pregnant women consume coffee daily. However, the coffee passes the placenta and is carried through breast milk. (4) Therefore, the consumption of coffee by pregnant mother may influences the pregnancy course and cause spontaneous abortion. There is strong evidence that maternal caffeine intake cause congenital malformation, restriction of fetal growth, and the risk of disease later in lifeThe congenital malformations are caused by hereditary and/or environmental causes (genetic and epigenetic). The interaction between hereditary and environmental causes occurring at a specific time of development results in the majority of congenital abnormalities. (1) According to the world health organization, congenital abnormalities are defined as abnormalities in the structure, function, or metabolic anomalies that occur during intrauterine